Vaccines against cholera
Friday, October 5, 2007
Medium Chocolate Colour
's first live vaccine against cholera, was developed in 1885, the year in which Clua Jaime Ferrán and make the first trials for a vaccine against cholera. To this day have been investigated, tested and eliminated many vaccines for cholera, with all possible routes of administration and all possible forms of production. In the case of the vibrios injection with attenuated, inactivated, polysaccharide and tetanus. And in the case of oral vibrios also inactivated toxoids and also genetically attenuated and GMOs (genetically modified organisms). It was in mid-1980 when made the first clinical trials with two oral cholera vaccines and inactivated. Within
oral attenuated vaccines can highlight those obtained from attenuated Salmonella typhi (Ty21a) expressing the O antigen of V. cholerae Inaba has resulted only slightly immunogenic in adult volunteers with a low efficiency (25%) against infection by V. cholerae wild. Were also tested deletion mutants of V. cholerae O1, among which we highlight the first generation as the JBK 70 A - the CVD 101A - B - and 395N1. And among the second generation we 104hlyA CVD - CVD 105 and CVD 103.
Other vaccines have been tested are: cell vaccine-subunit B, which is a combination of vibrios purified inactivated and subunit B, with protection of approximately 67% and requires multiple doses. And polysaccharide conjugate vaccines have been tested in animals that show an increase in serum antibody titer, but not secretory antibodies and there is only preliminary safety data in adults.
At present and in the search for a vaccine effective, safe and cost arises against cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR. This vaccine is marketed in Switzerland and Argentina in 1994, Peru in 1995, Canada in 1996 and Philippines in 1997. In all la indicación es para la inmunización de adultos y niños ³ 2 años frente a la enfermedad causada por V. Cholerae. Esta vacuna cumple los requisitos planteados por la Directiva del Consejo 90/220/EEC (23 Abril 1990) sobre liberación deliberada al medio ambiente de Organismos Modificados Genéticamente.
La composición cualitativa y cuantitativa de la vacuna es la siguiente: mínimo 2x10 gérmenes vivos de la cepa atenuada de Vibrio cholerae CVD 103 HgR en forma liofilizada; llevando como excipiente 21,4 mg de sacarosa, 0,6 gramos de lactosa, aspartam y sorbitol, y como tampón 2,65 gramos de bicarbonato sódico y 1,65 gramos de ácido ascórbico y 0,2 gramos de lactosa. Todo ello va presentado Double-bag with a single dose of buffer and once with the vaccine.
In clinical trials has been proven safe, with few gastrointestinal adverse reactions, but with equal incidence in the placebo group than in the vaccinated.
regard to their immunogenicity has been found a good response with the appearance of antibodies against serotype Inaba vibriocidal both American adults and children 2-9 years old Chilean, have been observed seroconversion rates in more than 90% of adults against serotype Inaba and 75% approximately compared to Ogawa, being 50-75% in children.
In clinical trials to assess effectiveness from challenge studies in volunteers has been shown that a single dose of CV103 or CVD 103-HgR has a high protection of nearly 100%, no differences were found in the vibriocidal antibody response between the groups receiving one or two doses . In these same studies have found complete protection with both CVD 103 and CVD 103-HgR, compared with moderate and severe diarrhea.
also are particularly important clinical trials in areas with endemic cholera. In fact studies have been conducted large-scale field in countries like Indonesia to determine the efficacy of a single dose of CVD 103-HgR to protect against cholera in a population naturally exposed to infection.
Therefore, and upon completion of all appropriate clinical research can be said that this is a safe and effective vaccine against cholera, especially in developed countries. The vaccine is effective against both classical and El Tor biotypes.
Thursday, October 4, 2007
Catan Städte Und Ritter Pc-spiel?
How to prevent cholera?
Cholera is an intestinal infection that is manifested by diarrhea, vomiting and cramps.
fluid loss from diarrhea and vomiting leads to dehydration which can lead to death. The infection is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae, found in dirty water or food irrigated with "black."
classic transmission mechanism is the year-to-mouth cycle, understood as the output of the infectious agent in the feces and the ingestion, usually through contaminated hands of the mother or child. Another frequent mode of transmission is ingestion of food or water, other beverages or ice, not subjected to any process of purification.
The disease occurs as outbreaks and given its exposure to eating contaminated food or drink outside the home, initially strikes more adults than children, the youngest, acquired the infection within the household when in contact with any infected adult, who may not have diarrhea but still eliminates the microbe by their feces. Therefore, to prevent cholera in children, must be avoided also in adults, following the four measures of personal hygiene and sanitation are described below:
1. Use of potable water for human consumption. Families have access to reliable water supply, get sick less diarrhea and cholera, to achieve this, we recommend the following: * Wash and disinfect
at least every six months, tanks, water tanks, cisterns and other deposits where water is stored, and keep them well covered;
* Boiling water for drinking or by chemical disinfection (chlorine or iodine), stored in clean, well covered and non-corrosive.
to chlorinate the water used:
* household bleach, add two drops to each quart of water, mixing it and letting it sit for 30 minutes before using, or
* Chlorine tablets (sulfacloramina, 9 mg.), A for each liter of water and allowed to rest one hour minimum before use.
To iodized water use 5 drops of tincture of iodine to 2 percent for every gallon of clear water or 10 drops for cloudy water. Let stand for 30 minutes before using water. If the water is dirty (cloudy), clean it before using a clean canvas so sieve to strain it and let it stand until the residue settle to the bottom of the container.
2. Sanitary disposal of garbage, including dirty diapers in sealed containers until collection or burial, and the fecal matter through drainage or latrines. Prevent fecal contamination at ground level.
3. Washing hands after defecating or changing diapers and before eating or feeding the child, with sufficient water and soap and dry thoroughly with a clean cloth or towel.
4. Food hygiene:
* Wash well, with brush, soap and water or disinfect fruits and vegetables, placing them 15 minutes in water with chlorine or iodine.
* Bake or fry food thoroughly and eat them as soon as possible after preparation;
* Cover leftovers to avoid contact with flies and other insects, and keep refrigerated or hot above 60_C;
* Before cooked before eating a food, must be heated to the boiling point or more than 60_C;
* Avoid direct or indirect contact of cooked foods with raw foods;
* Do not eat food prepared or sold in unhygienic conditions.
Some risk factors in children include poor nutrition or lack of breastfeeding mother. Children under 4 months should receive only breast milk and other liquids such as water, tea (tea), juice or breast milk substitutes. The breast-fed infants ill two and half times less than those fed formula. In less than 6 months the mortality decreases to 25 times, in addition, breastfeeding is safe because it avoids the use of bottles, water and milk can be contaminated. 
Cholera is an intestinal infection that is manifested by diarrhea, vomiting and cramps.
fluid loss from diarrhea and vomiting leads to dehydration which can lead to death. The infection is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae, found in dirty water or food irrigated with "black."
classic transmission mechanism is the year-to-mouth cycle, understood as the output of the infectious agent in the feces and the ingestion, usually through contaminated hands of the mother or child. Another frequent mode of transmission is ingestion of food or water, other beverages or ice, not subjected to any process of purification.
The disease occurs as outbreaks and given its exposure to eating contaminated food or drink outside the home, initially strikes more adults than children, the youngest, acquired the infection within the household when in contact with any infected adult, who may not have diarrhea but still eliminates the microbe by their feces. Therefore, to prevent cholera in children, must be avoided also in adults, following the four measures of personal hygiene and sanitation are described below:
1. Use of potable water for human consumption. Families have access to reliable water supply, get sick less diarrhea and cholera, to achieve this, we recommend the following: * Wash and disinfect
at least every six months, tanks, water tanks, cisterns and other deposits where water is stored, and keep them well covered;
* Boiling water for drinking or by chemical disinfection (chlorine or iodine), stored in clean, well covered and non-corrosive.
to chlorinate the water used:
* household bleach, add two drops to each quart of water, mixing it and letting it sit for 30 minutes before using, or
* Chlorine tablets (sulfacloramina, 9 mg.), A for each liter of water and allowed to rest one hour minimum before use.
To iodized water use 5 drops of tincture of iodine to 2 percent for every gallon of clear water or 10 drops for cloudy water. Let stand for 30 minutes before using water. If the water is dirty (cloudy), clean it before using a clean canvas so sieve to strain it and let it stand until the residue settle to the bottom of the container.
2. Sanitary disposal of garbage, including dirty diapers in sealed containers until collection or burial, and the fecal matter through drainage or latrines. Prevent fecal contamination at ground level.
3. Washing hands after defecating or changing diapers and before eating or feeding the child, with sufficient water and soap and dry thoroughly with a clean cloth or towel.
4. Food hygiene:
* Wash well, with brush, soap and water or disinfect fruits and vegetables, placing them 15 minutes in water with chlorine or iodine.
* Bake or fry food thoroughly and eat them as soon as possible after preparation;
* Cover leftovers to avoid contact with flies and other insects, and keep refrigerated or hot above 60_C;
* Before cooked before eating a food, must be heated to the boiling point or more than 60_C;
* Avoid direct or indirect contact of cooked foods with raw foods;
* Do not eat food prepared or sold in unhygienic conditions.
Some risk factors in children include poor nutrition or lack of breastfeeding mother. Children under 4 months should receive only breast milk and other liquids such as water, tea (tea), juice or breast milk substitutes. The breast-fed infants ill two and half times less than those fed formula. In less than 6 months the mortality decreases to 25 times, in addition, breastfeeding is safe because it avoids the use of bottles, water and milk can be contaminated.
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